Observational constraints on vector-like dark energy

Acosmological constant is the foundation for the canonical ΛCDM model which explains  the observed acceleration of the Universe, and most alternatives use scalar fields. We present  a quantitative analysis on the cosmic triad, a class of models which instead relies on vector fields, while preserving isotropy at large scales. We show that the triad is an extension of ΛCDMand constrain various subclasses of the model through a standard statistical analysis with low-redshift background data, which is enough to constrain any deviations from ΛCDM  to be small. We further explore how the statistical priors and the choice of potential affect the results. We conclude that vector fields are viable alternatives to ΛCDM, but that the latter constitutes a good approximate description of our universe.